The practice whereby some public money is illicitly diverted for private gain is present to some degree in all societies. Developing countries' particular circumstances - rapid economic and social change, strong kinship and ethnic ties, new...

This study led in Uganda revealed that only 13 percent of public non-wage education spending reached the schools in 1991, and only 22 percent in 1995. These dismal findings stimulated the central government to begin publishing information on monetary...