In Europe and Central Asia, the radical shift in economic and political systems that occurred in most countries after 1990 made existing forms of corruption more visible and opened opportunities for new forms of corrupt practices. Fostering...

This paper demonstrates that with appropriate survey methods and interview techniques, it is possible to collect quantitative micro-level data on corruption. Public expenditure tracking surveys, service provider surveys, and enterprise surveys are...

This article examines some factors that may determine the different outcomes of decentralization and, in particular, factors that are important when reforms manage to improve democratic and governance performance in spite of a hostile or harsh...