This study is entitled The Challenge of Shadow Education. The word Challenge has been chosen for two reasons. First, it is argued, the existence of shadow education is a challenge to mainstream school systems. The shadow sector exposes shortcomings...

This book focuses on private tutoring in Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan. Through international comparison and national case studies, it examines the ways in which not only private tutoring but also mainstream school systems have changed during...

The Education Support Program (ESP) has published Education in a Hidden Marketplace: Monitoring of Private Tutoring, the result of the Monitoring Private Tutoring Project, initiated by ESP in close cooperation with the Network of Education Policy...

This paper attempts to understand the challenges facing higher education in Ukraine as a result of corruption. More specifically, it examines the issues of licensing and accreditation, using the finding of interviews conducted with 43 rectors, vice...

25% of teachers were absent from school, and only about half were teaching, during unannounced visits to a nationally representative sample of government primary schools in India. Absence rates varied from 15% in Maharashtra to 42% in Jharkhand, with...