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This study focuses on the so-called shadow education system of private supplementary tutoring. The phenomenon is called shadow education because to a large extent its content mimics that in schooling: as the curriculum changes in the schools, so it...

This study analyzes private tutoring (or extra class) participation and provision in Cambodia using nationally representative data from 138 lower secondary schools. Higher socioeconomic status (SES) students are more likely to have access to fee...