The practice whereby some public money is illicitly diverted for private gain is present to some degree in all societies. Developing countries' particular circumstances - rapid economic and social change, strong kinship and ethnic ties, new...

This study led in Uganda revealed that only 13 percent of public non-wage education spending reached the schools in 1991, and only 22 percent in 1995. These dismal findings stimulated the central government to begin publishing information on monetary...

In many countries, the legal frameworks for teacher management is problematic and there is a need for debate and reform action. The study reported in this document sets out to explore existing legal frameworks in Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zimbabwe and...

This paper sets out a framework within which the problem of corruption may be analysed in any specific country. Firstly, it considers the investigation of the determinants of corruption, emphasising the environment in which corruption evolves - and...

In 1998, the World Bank undertook a mission to Malawi, at the request of its President, to examine ways to support its Government's program to improve economic governance and to reduce corruption. The mission's objectives were to assess the scope and...

Corruption in customs administration is a major problem in many African countries. Data from the period 1990-96 are used to examine several hypotheses concerning the determinants of customs fraud in Senegal and Mali. Statistical tests using product...

This report centers on a multi-disciplinary World Bank mission to Ethiopia in 1997, at the request of the Government of Ethiopia, to examine ways to support the Government's program to improve economic governance and to combat corruption. The mission...

Data that can be used to inform policy decisions are typically scarce in low-income countries, where standard policy prescriptions are less likely to apply. But if strategically designed, a survey can help induce policy change by pointing directly to...

This paper comparatively analyses legislative ethics, focusing on: the role of the legislature in combating corruption, the need for effective ethics regime; codes of conduct; ethics rules and financial disclosure requirements; enforcement and...

This paper presents the results of a survey led on incentives and structures of African bureaucracies. The authors start by studying the evidence on bureaucratic structure across Africa. They find quite large differences in structure and performance...