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The African Union report shows that at least 57 percent of people who make contact with schools in Malawi pay bribes. Informal payments threaten children’s rights and welfare. For example, informal charges by teachers for teaching, and for additional items such as school meals, books, uniforms or exams can drive poorer students in particular to miss school. In addition, the acquisition of fake or fraudulent qualifications affect the learning outcomes of children.

Although there has been an enormous expansion in higher education in India over the past 30 years there is still a huge problem around quality. In 2013 the Indian government launched a new higher education improvement programme. Australian universities can help by: training staff, rooting out corruption, sharing knowledge on access, and establishing research partnerships.

Private supplementary tutoring in pre-university education is defined as tutoring in academic subjects provided by tutors for financial gain in addition to the provision of mainstream schooling. A researcher from Lehigh University raises concerns about private tutoring and provides examples of situations where it is not used to complement mainstream schooling but instead replaces it.