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Humanitarian assistance injects valuable resources into resource-poor and often insecure contexts with high levels of need. The complexity of humanitarian operations and their rapidly increasing budgets make addressing corruption and the taboos...

This toolkit follows the transfer of public funds from central to local governments until they reach users such as schools and clinics. It explains how a public expenditure tracking system operates and how it can benefit marginalized groups. With...

One popular story told (and taught) is how corruption was slashed in Uganda simply by publicly disclosing the amount of monthly grants to schools by informing the public of how much money was supposed to go where, the government was less able to...

What are the most effective ways to increase primary school enrolment and student learning? This paper argues that innovations in governance of social services may yield the highest return since social service delivery in developing countries is...

There is widespread consensus that development assistance works best when it is targeted towards countries with relatively sound and/or improving policies and institutions. Recognizing this, bilateral and multilateral donors are increasingly trying...

Using panel data from a unique survey of public primary schools in Uganda, Reinikka and Svensson assess the degree of leakage of public funds in education. The survey data reveal that on average, during the period 1991-95, schools received only 13...

Bribery, through money, gifts, or exchange of favors, is common in the Omsk educational system. A student is obliged to pay 15000 Rubles for the 5th grade, 10000 Rubles for the 4th grade, and 5000 Rubles for the 3rd grade entering exams. A reform of...