Reported instances of bribery and corruption increased sharply last year on campuses throughout Russian Federation. More than 1,000 incidents of bribe-taking and related abuses by administrators and professors were confirmed in 2001, an increase of 32 percent over the 2000 levels.

The chairman of the University of Zimbabwe's council has been implicated in corruption at the institution. A report of a parliamentary committee on education that has been investigating rampant corruption at the university should be held accountable for approving shady deals in which the university lost money. The report said the deputy vice chancellor had irresponsibly allowed the signing of a series of high-priced contracts to companies without following the correct procedure.

It is estimated that Russian students and their parents annually spend between $2 billion and $ 5 billion in bribes. And it costs between $ 10 000 and $ 15 000 in bribes to gain acceptance into well-regarded institutions of higher learning in Moscow.

A militant group in the Indian state of Manipur shot and wounded seven people this month for allegedly helping students to cheat on their tests. The shootings took place one morning at three testing sites where college students were taking their annual exams.

New Delhi police arrested four people for offering to sell the answers to a nationwide examination for physicians. All the students were to meet on the eve of the test and prepare it through the night. They impounded post-dated checks totalling more than $300,000.

Plans for a national body to tackle research fraud have been published by doctors and scientists concerned that foul play is undermining the good name of science. The Committee on Publication Ethics (Cope) agreed at a meeting in October that concerted action was needed.

Israel grants government workers 10 to 20% pay increases for every advanced degree they earn; and as a result, dozens of civil servants, including top education officials, have been put under investigation for obtaining fake degrees.

Counterfeiters are reportedly finding ways to foil China's new electronic registration system for university diplomas. According to government statistics, 600,000 fake diplomas are circulating in China, although many officials suspect that the actual number is much higher.