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Official examination of an organization or institution's accounts to make sure money has been spent correctly, i.e. according to rules, regulations and norms. Audit institutions like national and regional Auditor Generals, Audit Offices, State Comptrollers, Ombudsmen, Tribunals de Cuentas, Cours de Comptes, etc. make a vital contribution to good governance by detecting poor management and inappropriate use of public money. Audits of ministries of education, universities or schools; financial audits, audits of teacher management or of procurement procedures (e.g. textbooks).

Act of offering someone money, services or other valuables, in order to persuade that person to do something in return. Bribes can also be called kickbacks, baksheesh, payola, hush money, sweeteners, protection money, boodle, gratuity, etc. Bribery is widely criminalized through international and national laws. In particular, the bribing of foreign officials is outlawed by the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Bribes paid to be admitted into university.

Survey aimed at tracking expenditures from the government level down to the schools. They make it possible to check if there is a leakage of funds, estimate the amount of funds not reaching schools, and detect the origin and causes of the leakage. Tracking of financial resources allocated to school equipment (chalk, chairs, tables, etc.).

Survey aimed at collecting a wide variety of information from schools to answer a variety of questions about service delivery, in particular as regards ghost teachers and teacher absenteeism. Measurement of the percentage of teachers not showing up in the classroom.

Survey aimed at collecting information on the availability of services, usage, satisfaction, service standards, effectiveness, corruption and other hidden costs. Results presented in a simple and flexible way for channelling public feedback to the authorities.

Aggregation of information on the inputs, processes and/or outputs of an administrative level in the education system (school, education district or region), intended for internal and/or external use in school administration. School report cards, district report cards, regional report cards

Quality of being clear, honest and open. As a principle, transparency implies that civil servants, managers and trustees have a duty to act visibly, predictably and understandably. Sufficient information must be available so that other agencies and the general public can assess whether the relevant procedures are followed, consonant with the given mandate. Transparency is considered an essential element of accountable governance, leading to improved resource allocation, enhanced efficiency, and better prospects for economic growth. Extent to which stakeholders (school principals, school councils, parents, pupils and the local community) can understand the basis on which educational resources (financial, material and human resources) are allocated to their individual establishment and how they are used.

People who inform the public or the authorities about corrupt transactions they have witnessed or uncovered. Whistleblower protection refers to the measures (administrative or legislative) taken to shield the informer from physical, social and economic retaliation. A scientific integrity officer alerting on integrity breaches related to research protocols.

Cheating or swindling in the following levels of the examination process; design of exams, admission to exam, marking of results and admission of successful candidates to the next education level. It also includes the selling of exam questions. Impersonation (appearing for an examination for another candidate); disclosure of examination questions prior to the exam; copying from other examinees; plagiarism.

Unlawful demand or receipt of property or money through the use of force or threat. A typical example of extortion would be when armed police or military men exact money for passage through a roadblock. Synonyms include blackmail, bloodsucking and extraction. “Sexually transmitted marks” (or “sextortion”).