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Illegal use of public resources and therefore lack of resources for the intended purpose. Capture of school funds at the local administrative level.

Set of written guidelines, produced by public authorities or professional organizations, which details the set of recognized ethical norms (or values) and professional standards of conduct to which all members of a profession must adhere. Codes aim to enhance the commitment, dedication, and efficiency of members of the teaching profession, and to provide self-disciplinary guidelines by establishing norms of professional conduct. Teacher codes of conduct.

A situation where an individual or the entity for which they work, whether a government, business, media outlet or civil society organization, is confronted with having to choose between the duties and demands of their position and their own private interests. When a university professor sits in a selection jury and at the same time provides private tutoring lessons to candidates.

The abuse of entrusted power for private gain. Corruption can be classified as grand, petty or political, depending on the amounts of money lost and the sector where it occurs. Corruption in education can be defined as “the systematic use of public office for private benefit, whose impact is significant on the availability and quality of educational goods and services, and, as a consequence on access, quality or equity in education”.

Dubious providers of educational offerings or operations that offer certificates and degrees that are considered bogus. Online selling of a Master's degree to anyone willing to pay for it.

When a person holding office in an institution, organization or company dishonestly and illegally appropriates, uses or traffics the funds and goods they have been entrusted with for personal enrichment or other activities. Educational funds used for political campaigns.

Dubious providers of accreditation and quality assurance or operations that offer a certification of quality of institutions that is considered bogus. "Accreditation” of a diploma mill.

Official examination of an organization or institution's accounts to make sure money has been spent correctly, i.e. according to rules, regulations and norms. Audit institutions like national and regional Auditor Generals, Audit Offices, State Comptrollers, Ombudsmen, Tribunals de Cuentas, Cours de Comptes, etc. make a vital contribution to good governance by detecting poor management and inappropriate use of public money. Audits of ministries of education, universities or schools; financial audits, audits of teacher management or of procurement procedures (e.g. textbooks).

Act of offering someone money, services or other valuables, in order to persuade that person to do something in return. Bribes can also be called kickbacks, baksheesh, payola, hush money, sweeteners, protection money, boodle, gratuity, etc. Bribery is widely criminalized through international and national laws. In particular, the bribing of foreign officials is outlawed by the OECD Convention on Combating Bribery of Foreign Public Officials. Bribes paid to be admitted into university.

Survey aimed at tracking expenditures from the government level down to the schools. They make it possible to check if there is a leakage of funds, estimate the amount of funds not reaching schools, and detect the origin and causes of the leakage. Tracking of financial resources allocated to school equipment (chalk, chairs, tables, etc.).