Process of independently monitoring and investigating – internally or externally – the operations and activities of a government agency, company or civil society organization, to ensure accountability and the efficient use of resources. Citizen oversight committees.

Form of favouritism in which a person is selected, regardless of qualifications or entitlement, for a job or government benefit because of affiliations or connections.Teachers recruited based on their affiliation to a union.

Petty, bureaucratic, or administrative corruption takes place at the implementation end of politics, where the public meets public officials. Petty corruption is usually distinguished from "grand" and political corruption. It usually involves smaller amounts of money, but the damage may be significant in social terms. Illegal fees paid by parents to get their children admitted to schools, to be promoted or to pass their exams.

The opening up within the education sector of government data, processes, decisions, and control mechanisms to public involvement and scrutiny, with a view to ensuring inclusive and equitable quality education. Open policy, open budgeting, open contracting, social auditing.

Creation, misuse or manipulation for an illicit gain of online and/or digital education tools or platforms, for example in the domains of admission, course delivery, examination or assessment, which impacts access, quality and equity in education. Cheating in online exams, establishing and running bogus online institutions, issuing fake digital degrees/diplomas, essay mills operating online.

Organization entering into contract with students in order to complete, in full or in part, one or more written assignments for financial gain. Purchase of a paper, essay, dissertation, or thesis online.