The Swedish labor minister listed on his resume on the government's website an M.B.A. taken at Fairfax University, which several US states listed as a so-called "degree mill". The Minister said he earned the degree through distance learning while he worked in the United States, but the Swedish National Agency for Higher Education rejected it as an illegitimate credential. "We would not rate a degree taken there," said the head of the Swedish department for evaluation of foreign qualifications.

The IIEP/UNESCO report "Corrupt schools, corrupt universities: What can be done" has identified private tuition as a major source of "unethical behavior" in India, observing that it has become a major industry, consuming a considerable amount of parents' money and pupils' time. Together with private tuitions, two other major problems that face the Indian education system are the manipulation of entrance test scores and teachers absenteeism.

Few people enter the teaching profession for the money. Teachers repeatedly describe it as "a vocation", widely recognized as a euphemism for poorly paid. But for a few enterprising teachers, the education system is rife with opportunities for personal financial gain. A report on corruption in education, published this week by UNESCO highlights ways in which heads, teachers and education officials can extort and embezzle school funds.

One third of the professors of Kragujevac University Law School, its dean and the Minister's assistant for Higher Education were arrested on corruption charges. Professors are accused of allowing students to pass exams without taking tests and selling degrees in exchange of bribes. This unprecedented corruption scandal casts doubts on the value of some law degrees and the qualification of some judges.

There is a certain frustration at the Mpraeso Secondary School over the administration's attempts to improve accountability and transparency. The implementation of anti-corruption measures through the automation of accounting and administrative procedures as a means of checking and curbing corruption has been bogged by official apathy. The computerization programme, 'School Management Programme', that could have cost the school about ¢5 million a few months ago will now cost the school almost double that amount.

Federal government has blacklisted 232 individuals from participating in the conduct of examinations. The affected persons include school principals, supervisors, invigilators and examiners. 324 secondary schools had earlier been derecognized as centers for public examinations. The state had over 50 of its schools blacklisted in the exercise.

The Rwanda National Examinations Council (RNEC) has stepped up efforts to crack down on academic fraudsters. The organisations will have to pass academic testimonials of all applicants to RNEC for scrutiny before they select the competent employees.