Este sitio pertenece al Instituto Internacional de Planeamiento de la Educación de la UNESCO
Private supplementary tutoring, widely known as shadow education, has become a global phenomenon. It has a range of providers, including commercial companies, university students desiring extra pocket money, and regular school teachers who provide tutoring as a sideline activity.
As evidenced by recently published articles, corruption has severely infected higher education worldwide. Through a global scan, this article first surveys examples of corruption in higher education in a few countries.
The phenomenon of extra tuition is witnessed in many countries and some educationalists have described it as a parallel education system. However, the incidence and impact of extra tuition have often not been studied systematically, especially in Africa.
Recent surveys suggest that leakage of funds from ministries of education to schools represent more than 80 per cent of the total sums allocated for non salary expenditures in some countries; bribes and payoffs in teacher recruitment and promotion tend to lower the quality of public school teache
Private supplementary tutoring has long been a major phenomenon in some parts of East Asia, particularly Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In recent decades it has grown significantly in both industrialized and less developed societies.
