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This cross-national study assesses the character and frequency of private informal payments made by families on behalf of their children attending primary and secondary schools in Azerbaijan, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Latvia, Moldova, Slovakia, and Tajikistan.

The main purpose of this survey was to allow interested members of the assessment network to gather information about the understanding of and the attitudes towards their centralized examination systems and current reforms in this area.

The Octopus programme is a technical co-operation programme against corruption and organised crime, initiated by the Council of Europe in 1996.

In Europe and Central Asia, the radical shift in economic and political systems that occurred in most countries after 1990 made existing forms of corruption more visible and opened opportunities for new forms of corrupt practices.

In the late 1980s and early 1990s, some 25 countries began their dramatic transformation into market-based economies by liberalizing prices, dismantling the remaining instruments of Soviet-type central planning, and starting fundamental structural economic reforms.

This report presents the main findings of Latvia's diagnostic corruption surveys. As this report is based on survey evidence, it focuses primarily on lower level of corruption in the public sector. The survey evidence suggests that corruption in public service delivery is a serious concern.

Corruption is problematic when policies encourage it and institutional controls are weak.