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Public examinations in developing countries play a critical role in the selection of students for participation in the educational system. The exams dictate what is taught, how it is taught, and what is and is not learned. They are academic, have...

Studies of the consequences of corruption have mainly focused on economic efficiency. This paper illustrates that corruption can also have distributional consequences. Corruption increases income inequality and poverty through lower economic growth...

In 1995/96, 47.5 percent of the population of Bangladesh were still living below the poverty line. This paper argues that the persistence of poverty in Bangladesh originates less in the lack of resources than in the failures of governance. These...

Private tutoring is an important phenomenon that has arisen in a wide variety of countries and can have significant educational, social, and economic ramifications. However, due to the fact that it is a service provided outside the planning and...

This report puts into motion a chain of events that fundamentally reformed the way the Bank thinks about, and acts against, corruption. In its first part, it thus details the progress that the Bank has made building each of the four pillars of its...

Private supplementary tutoring has long been a major phenomenon in some parts of East Asia, particularly Japan, the Republic of Korea and Taiwan. In recent decades it has grown significantly in both industrialized and less developed societies. This...

Este libro se organiza en siete secciones que abordan el análisis del capital social y su relación con el desarrollo, las políticas públicas, la pobreza urbana, la dimensión de género, el mundo rural y la sostenibilidad ambiental. Entre los...

This paper examines financial aspects of accountability for the use of public funds, that is, fiscal accountability. It explains the growing demand for fiscal accountability, answers the who, for what, to whom and how questions, describes the move...

This paper presents an argument called the inequality trap namely how high inequality leads to low trust in groups and then to high levels of corruption, and back to higher levels of corruption. It presents an analysis for Africa using Afrobarometer...

Subsequent to the end of the communist system in 1990, Mongolia has established a democratic regime, and has been assessed as being relatively well governed. However, more recently, corruption has been worsening, despite the continuation of a...