Anti-corruption education framework for higher education: a qualitative analysis

Prior studies have focused on laws and regulations to combat corruption while overlooking the significant role of education in transforming the culture of corruption. Hence, this paper proposes a multiplatform framework for how higher education institutions (HEIs) can deliver anti-corruption education in a manner that instils anti-corruptive values. This analysis assesses the effectiveness of programme design and educational implementation. This study utilises qualitative research by interviewing 20 key stakeholders in Malaysian HEIs, such as university management, educators, anti-corruption agency officers and politicians. It employs a multilayered thematic analysis and coding to address the research questions. A holistic educational framework is developed, combining formal, nonformal and informal learning experiences across traditional and digital platforms to effectively integrate anti-corruption education. Formal learning includes a mandatory course on integrity and anti-corruption, made compulsory for all Malaysian HEI students starting in the October 2023 semester. Nonformal learning involves discussions on real-life cases, ethical dilemmas and co-curricular activities. The informal learning approaches include role modelling, ethical leadership, social media engagement and patriotic anthems. This study contributes to knowledge by extending Dewey’s theory of education and social change and Bandura’s social learning theory into corruption mitigation. Practically, the framework can guide HEIs in implementing anti-corruption education effectively and help ministries and agencies globally formulate strategies to combat corruption.